Systematic arrangement of genera

The taxonomy of fungi, including lichenised species, has been subjected to many important changes in the last decades, especially thanks to developments in molecular systematics. This process is far from being completed, and several taxonomical changes are to be expected in the near future. In the present checklist, accepted taxa are listed alphabetically. In order to provide a help for those interested in the phylogeny of lichenised fungi occurring in Italy, we add here an updated taxonomical scheme that follows, with some minor changes, the Syllabus of Plant Families (Jaklitsch & al. 2016) and the recent overview by Lücking & al. (2016), limited to genera occurring in Italy, with the approximate total number of worldwide known species put in brackets after the genus name.

Phylum Ascomycota
Subphylum Pezizomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Class Arthoniomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Order Arthoniales Henssen ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Arthoniaceae Rchb. ex Rchb. - Arthonia (c. 500), Arthothelium (10), Coniocarpon (5), Inoderma (3), Pachnolepia (1), Reichlingia (4), Sporodophoron (4).
Chrysotrichaceae Zahlbr. - Chrysothrix (incl. Alysphaeria Turpin; 17).
Lecanographaceae Ertz, Tehler, G. Thor & Frisch - Alyxoria (12), Lecanographa (38), Phacographa (2), Zwackhia (6).
Opegraphaceae Körb. ex Stizenb. - Cresponea (21), Opegrapha (incl. Diplogramma Müll. Arg.; c. 300), Paralecanographa (1), Sparria (2).
Roccellaceae Chevall. - Dendrographa (6), Dirina (13), Diromma (1), Enterographa (53), Gyrographa (3), Lecanactis (incl. Sagenidium Stirt.; c. 25), Ocellomma (1), Pseudoschismatomma (1), Psoronactis (1), Roccella (incl. Roccellodea Darb.; 40), Schismatomma (10), Syncesia (21).
Rocellographaceae Ertz & Tehler - Roccellographa (incl. Peterjamesia D. Hawksw.; 4).
Arthoniales gen. inc. sed. - Bactrospora (35), Bryostigma (2), Felipes (1), Phacothecium (1).
Class Coniocybomycetes M. Prieto & Wedin
Order Coniocybales M. Prieto & Wedin
Coniocybaceae Rchb. - Chaenotheca (25), Sclerophora (6).
Class Dothideomycetes sensu O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Order Asterinales M.E. Barr ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Asterinaceae Hansf. - Labrocarpon (1), Melaspileella (1).
Order Capnodiales Woron.
Cystocoleaceae Loq. ex Lücking - Cystocoleus (1).
Racodiaceae Link - Racodium (1).
Order Collemopsidiales Pérez-Ortega, Garrido-Benavent & Grube
Xanthopyreniaceae Zahlbr. - Collemopsidium (c. 18).
Order Eremithallales Lücking & Lumbsch
Melaspileaceae Walt. Watson - Encephalographa (1), Melaspilea (1).
Order Lichenotheliales K. Knudsen, Muggia & K.D. Hyde
Lichenotheliaceae Henssen - Lichenothelia (25).
Order Monoblastiales Lücking, M.P. Nelsen & K.D. Hyde
Monoblastiaceae Walt. Watson - Acrocordia (10), Anisomeridium (c. 200).
Order Pleosporales Luttrell ex M.E. Barr
Arthopyreniaceae W. Watson - Arthopyrenia (5), Mycomicrothelia (10).
Dacampiaceae Koerb. - Dacampia (8).
Mycoporaceae Zahlbr. - Mycoporum (25).
Naetrocymbaceae Höhnel ex R.C. Harris - Leptorhaphis (12), Naetrocymbe (12), Tomasellia (incl. Athrismidium Trevis.; 5).
Order Strigulales Lücking, M.P. Nelsen & K.D. Hyde
Strigulaceae Zahlbr. - Strigula (70).
Dothideomycetes gen. inc. sed. - Cyrtidula (30), Nigropuncta (1).
Class Eurotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Subclass Chaetothyriomycetidae Dowell
Order Phaeomoniellales K.-H. Chen, A.E. Arnold, Gueidan & Lutzoni
Celotheliaceae Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman - Celothelium (8).
Order Pyrenulales Fink ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Pyrenulaceae Rabenh. - Blastodesmia (1), Lithothelium (28), Pyrenula (170).
Order Verrucariales Mattick ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Verrucariaceae Zenker - Agonimia (17), Anthracocarpon (3), Atla (9), Bagliettoa (20), Catapyrenium (6), Clavascidium (9), Dermatocarpon (20), Endocarpon (70), Henrica (4), Heteroplacidium (12), Hydropunctaria (8), Involucropyrenium (9), Neocatapyrenium (5), Normandina (3), Parabagliettoa (3), Phylloblastia (incl. Pocsia 12), Placidiopsis (20), Placidium (28), Placocarpus (5), Placopyrenium (22), Polyblastia (120), Psoroglaena (17), Sporodictyon (5), Staurothele (40), Thelidium (100), Verrucaria (c. 300), Verrucula (30), Verruculopsis (4).
Verrucariales gen. inc. sed. - Botryolepraria (2).
Subclass Mycocaliciomycetidae Tibell
Order Mycocaliciales Tibell & Wedin
Sphinctrinaceae M. Choisy - Chaenothecopsis (60), Mycocalicium (12), Phaeocalicium (17), Pyrgidium (3), Sphinctrina (5), Stenocybe (10).
Class Lecanoromycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Subclass Acarosporomycetidae Reeb, Lutzoni & Cl. Roux
Order Acarosporales Reeb, Lutzoni & Cl. Roux
Acarosporaceae Zahlbr. - Acarospora (200), Caeruleum (2), Eiglera (2), Glypholecia (1), Myriospora (c. 10), Pleopsidium (3), Polysporina (10), Sarcogyne (28), Timdalia (1).
Subclass Candelariomycetidae Miadl. & al. ex Timdal & M. Westb.
Order Candelariales Miadl., Lutzoni & Lumbsch
Candelariaceae Hakul. - Candelaria (7), Candelariella (50).
Pycnoraceae Bendiksby & Timdal - Pycnora (3).
Subclass Lecanoromycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon, J.C. David & al.
Order Caliciales Bessey
Caliciaceae Chevall. - Acolium (c. 5), Amandinea (35), Buellia (300), Calicium (34), Dimelaena (8), Diploicia (4), Diplotomma (30), Endohyalina (10), Monerolechia (5), Pseudothelomma (2), Pyxine (75), Tetramelas (16), Thelomma (7).
Physciaceae Zahlbr. - Anaptychia (15), Coscinocladium (2), Heterodermia (72), Hyperphyscia (9), Leucodermia (10), Phaeophyscia (30), Phaeorrhiza (2), Physcia (80), Physciella (4), Physconia (25), Polyblastidium (18), Rinodina (300), Rinodinella (6), Tornabea (1).
Order Lecanorales Nannf.
Biatorellaceae M. Choisy ex Hafellner - Biatorella (c. 30).
Carbonicolaceae Bendiksby & Timdal - Carbonicola (3).
Catillariaceae Hafellner - Catillaria (c. 150), Placolecis (1), Solenopsora (c. 20).
Cladoniaceae Zenker - Cladonia (c. 500), Pilophorus (11), Pycnothelia (2).
Haematommataceae Hafellner - Haematomma (c. 50).
Lecanoraceae Körb. - Bryodina (2), Bryonora (11), Carbonea (18), Clauzadeana (1), Frutidella (2), Japewiella (5), Lecanora (c. 550), Lecidella (c. 80), ?Miriquidica (c. 25), Myriolecis (c. 30), Protoparmeliopsis (c. 50), Psorinia (2), Pyrrhospora (1), Rhizoplaca (c. 11).
Parmeliaceae Zenker - Alectoria (incl. Gowardia; 9), Allantoparmelia (3), Allocetraria (9), Arctoparmelia (5), Brodoa (3), Bryoria (c. 50), Cetraria (15), Cetrelia (18), Cetrariella (4), Cornicularia (1), Crespoa (5), Dactylina (2), Evernia (10), Flavocetraria (3), Flavoparmelia (40), Flavopunctelia (7), Hypogymnia (90), Hypotrachyna (260), Imshaugia (7), Letharia (6), Lethariella (11), Melanelia (c. 6), Melanelixia (16), Melanohalea (24), Menegazzia (c. 70), Montanelia (5), Nephromopsis (24), Parmelia (c. 50), Parmelina (15), Parmeliopsis (3), Parmotrema (c. 300), Platismatia (2), Pleurosticta (2), Protoparmelia (incl. Maronina Hafellner & R.W. Rogers; c. 25), Pseudephebe (2), Pseudevernia (4), Punctelia (c. 45), Tuckermannopsis (9), Usnea (c. 350), Usnocetraria (1), Vulpicida (4), Xanthoparmelia (820).
Pilocarpaceae Zahlbr. - Byssoloma (58), Fellhanera (97), Fellhaneropsis (7), Micarea (100).
Psilolechiaceae S. Stenroos, Miadl. & Lutzoni - Psilolechia (4).
Psoraceae Zahlbr. - Brianaria (4), Glyphopeltis (1), Protoblastenia (14), Protomicarea (1), Psora (35), Psorula (3).
Ramalinaceae C. Agardh - Adelolecia (4), Arthrosporum (1), Bacidia (c. 230), Bacidina (25), Bilimbia (6), Biatora (42), Catinaria (2), Cliostomum (c. 20), Frutidella (2), Japewia (3), Lecania (50), Megalaria (29), Phyllopsora (95), Ramalina (c. 250), Schadonia (3), Toninia (85), Waynea (7).
Ramboldiaceae S. Stenroos, Miadl. & Lutzoni - Ramboldia (c. 30).
Scoliciosporaceae Hafellner - Scoliciosporum (c. 15).
Sphaerophoraceae Fr. - Bunodophoron (24), Sphaerophorus (8).
Stereocaulaceae Chevall. - Hertelidea (6), Lepraria (c. 80), Stereocaulon (c. 140), Squamarina (c. 25).
Tephromelataceae Hafellner - Calvitimela (10), Mycoblastus (10), Tephromela (30), Violella (2).
Lecanorales gen. inc. sed. - Puttea (3).
Order Lecideales Vain.
Lecideaceae Chevall. - Amygdalaria (14), Bellemerea (8), Bryobilimbia (6), Cecidonia (2), Clauzadea (7), Farnoldia (6), Immersaria (8), Koerberiella (2), Lecidea (c. 100), Lecidoma (1), Melanolecia (7), Mycobilimbia (5), Porpidia (c. 50), Porpidinia (1), ?Pseudopannaria (1), Romjularia (1), Stenhammarella (1).
Lopadiaceae Hafellner - Lopadium (5).
Order Leprocaulales Lendemer & B.P. Hodk.
Leprocaulaceae Lendemer & B.P. Hodk. - Halecania (23), Leprocaulon (c. 13).
Order Peltigerales Walt. Watson
Suborder Collematineae Miadl. & Lutzoni
Coccocarpiaceae (Mont. ex Müll. Arg.) Henssen - Spilonema (5).
Collemataceae Zenker - Blennothallia (4), Callome (1), Collema (c. 40), Enchylium (9), Lathagrium (10), Leptogium (c. 70), Paracollema (2), Pseudoleptogium (1), Rostania (7), Scytinium (48).
Pannariaceae Tuck. - Fuscopannaria (incl. Moelleropsis Gyeln.; c. 50), Nevesia (1), Pannaria (c. 40), Parmeliella (c. 90), Pectenia (4), Physma (12), Protopannaria (5), Psoroma (c. 70), Psoromidium, (2), Siphulastrum (4), Staurolemma (3).
Placynthiaceae E. Dahl - Placynthium (c. 25).
Suborder Peltigerineae Miadl. & Lutzoni
Koerberiaceae T. Sprib. & Muggia - Koerberia (2), Vestergrenopsis (2).
Lobariaceae Chevall. - Crocodia (5), Lobaria (c. 60), Lobarina (15), Ricasolia (15), Sticta (200).
Massalongiaceae Wedin, P.M. Jørg. & Wiklund - Leptochidium (2), Massalongia (2), Polychidium (1).
Nephromataceae Wetm. ex J.C. David & D. Hawksw. - Nephroma (36).
Peltigeraceae Dumort. - Peltigera (100), Solorina (10).
Vahliellaceae Wedin, P.M. Jørg. & S. Ekman - Vahliella (8).
Order Rhizocarpales Miadl. & Lutzoni
Rhizocarpaceae M. Choisy ex Hafellner - Catolechia (1), Epilichen (3), Poeltinula (2), Rhizocarpon (c. 225).
Sporastatiaceae Bendiksby & Timdal - Sporastatia (4).
Order Teloschistales D. Hawks. & O.E. Erikss.
Megalosporaceae Vézda ex Hafellner & Bellem. - Megalospora (35).
Teloschistaceae Zahlbr.
Subfam. Caloplacoideae Arup, Søchting & Frödén - Blastenia (11), Bryoplaca (3), Caloplaca (s.str. c. 20, s.lat. c. 350), Cephalophysis (1), Gyalolechia (c. 30), Huneckia (2), Leproplaca (6), Pyrenodesmia (6), Rufoplaca (6), Seirophora (11), Usnochroma (2), Variospora (12).
Subfam. Teloschistoideae Arup, Søchting & Frödén - Teloschistes (20).
Subfam. Xanthorioideae Arup, Søchting & Frödén - Athallia (13), Calogaya (14), Cerothallia (4), Flavoplaca (27), Parvoplaca (4), Polycauliona (25), Rusavskia (18), Solitaria (1), Squamulea (6), Xanthocarpia (13), Xanthomendoza (incl. Gallowayella; Golubkovia; Honeggeria; Jesmurraya; Oxneria; c. 20), Xanthocarpia (20), Xanthoria (c. 10).
Lecanoromycetidae fam. inc. sed.
Helocarpaceae Hafellner - Helocarpon (3).
Lecanoromycetidae gen. inc. sed. - Cheiromycina (4).
Lecanoromycetes fam. inc. sed.
Arthrorhaphidaceae Poelt & Hafellner - Arthrorhaphis (13).
Lecanoromycetes gen. inc. sed. - Petractis (3), Piccolia (7).
Subclass Ostropomycetidae Reeb, Lutzoni & Cl. Roux
Order Arctomiales S. Stenroos, Miadl. & Lutzoni
Arctomiaceae Th.Fr. - Gabura (1).
Order Baeomycetales Lumbsch, Huhndorf & Lutzoni
Baeomycetaceae Dumort. - Ainoa (3). - Baeomyces (9), Parainoa (1).
Order Hymeneliales S. Stenroos, Miadl. & Lutzoni
Hymeneliaceae Körb. - Hymenelia (c. 25), Ionaspis (7), Tremolecia (6).
Order Ostropales Nannf.
Coenogoniaceae (Fr.) Stizenb. - Coenogonium (c. 90).
Gomphillaceae Walt. Watson - Diploschistella (4), Gomphillus (6), Gyalectidium (52), Gyalidea (50), Gyalideopsis (c. 95), Jamesiella (4).
Graphidaceae Dumort. - Diploschistes (31), Graphis (c. 390), Phaeographis (c. 180), Thelotrema (c. 110), Xalocoa (1).
Gyalectaceae (A. Massal.) Stizenb. - Cryptolechia (11), Gyalecta (50), Ramonia (24).
Phlyctidaceae Poelt & Vézda ex J.C. David & D. Hawksw. - Phlyctis (20).
Porinaceae Rchb. - Porina (c. 140), Pseudosagedia (80).
Protothelenellaceae Vézda, H. Mayrhofer & Poelt - Protothelenella (11).
Sagiolechiaceae Baloch, Lücking, Lumbsch & al. - Sagiolechia (3).
Stictidaceae Fr. - Absconditella (12), Thelopsis (9), Topelia (6).
Thelenellaceae O.E. Erikss. ex H. Mayrhofer - ?Julella (c. 15), Thelenella (33).
Thrombiaceae Poelt & Vézda ex J.C. David & D. Hawksw. - Thrombium (5).
Order Pertusariales M. Choisy ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Icmadophilaceae Triebel - Dibaeis (13), Icmadophila (8), Thamnolia (4).
Megasporaceae Lumbsch, Feige & K. Schmitz - Aspicilia (c. 200), Circinaria (c. 25), Lobothallia (9), Megaspora (3), Sagedia (3).
Microcaliciaceae Tibell - Microcalicium (4).
Ochrolechiaceae R.C. Harris ex Lumbsch & I. Schmitt - Lepra (24), Ochrolechia (c. 60), Varicellaria (7).
Pertusariaceae Körb. ex Körb. - Pertusaria (c. 375).
Order Sarrameanales B.P. Hodk. & Lendemer
Sarrameanaceae Hafellner - Loxospora (13).
Schaereriaceae Hafellner - Schaereria (16).
Order Trapeliales B.P. Hodk. & Lendemer
Trapeliaceae M. Choisy ex Hertel - Amylora (1), Placopsis (c. 60), Placynthiella (7), Rimularia (10), Sarea (2), Trapelia (13), Trapeliopsis (20).
Xylographaceae Tuck. - Lambiella (2), Lithographa (10), Xylographa (20).
Ostropomycetidae gen. inc. sed. - Anzina (1), Aspilidea (1).
Subclass Umbilicariomycetidae Bendiksby, Hestmark & Timdal
Order Umbilicariales Lumbsch, Hestmark & Lutzoni
Elixiaceae Lumbsch - Elixia (2).
Fuscideaceae Hafellner - Fuscidea (c. 35), Maronea (13), Orphniospora (3).
Ophioparmaceae R.W. Rogers & Hafellner - Hypocenomyce (3), Ophioparma (8).
Ropalosporaceae Hafellner - Ropalospora (9).
Umbilicariaceae Chevall. - Lasallia (17), Umbilicaria (70), Xylopsora (2).
Class Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Mniaecia lineage - Mniaecia (3).
Class Lichinomycetes Reeb, Lutzoni & Cl. Roux
Order Lichinales Henssen & Büdel
Gloeoheppiaceae Henssen - Gloeoheppia (5).
Lichinaceae Nyl. - Anema (c. 5), Ephebe (13), Euopsis (2), Gyrocollema (2), Harpidium (3), Heppia (7), Lemmopsis (3), Lempholemma (35), Lichina (9), Lichinella (30), Paulia (14), Peccania (15), Phylliscum (8), Porocyphus (8), Psorotichia (c. 50), Pterygiopsis (17), Pyrenocarpon (2). Pyrenopsis (c. 40), Synalissa (5), Thelignya (2), Thermutis (2), Thyrea (c. 13), Zahlbrucknerella (10).
Peltulaceae Büdel - Peltula (c. 40).
Pezizomycotina ord. inc. sed.
Order Thelocarpales Lücking & Lumbsch
Thelocarpaceae Zukal - ?Sarcosagium (1), Thelocarpon (c. 25).
Order Vezdaeales Lumbsch & Lücking
Vezdaeaceae Poelt & Vèzda ex J.C. David & D. Hawksw. - Vezdaea (13).
Pezizomycotina fam. inc. sed.
Aphanopsidaceae Printzen & Rambold - Aphanopsis (2).
Epigloeaceae Zahlbr. - Epigloea (12).
Strangosporaceae S. Stenroos, Miadl. & Lutzoni - Strangospora (10).
Pezizomycotina gen. inc. sed. - Biatoridium (3), Eopyrenula (6).
Phylum Basidiomycota R.T. Moore
Order Agaricales Underw.
Hygrophoraceae Lotsy - Lichenomphalia (c. 8).
Order: Cantharellales Gäum.
Clavulinaceae Donk - Multiclavula (16).

References

Jaklitsch W., Baral H.-O., Lücking R., Lumbsch H.T., Frey W. (eds.) - 2016 - Engler's Syllabus of Plant Families. Part 1/2: Ascomycota. - G. Borntraeger, Stuttgart, 322 pp.
Lücking R., Hodkinson B., Leavitt S.D. - 2016 - The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota - Approaching one thousand genera. - Bryologist, 119, 4: 361-416.