Altitudinal range: from the submediterranean/colline belt (potential vegetation: mixed deciduous forests dominated by Quercus and Carpinus) to the subalpine belt (potential vegetation: open, taiga-like forests dominated by Larix decidua and/or Pinus cembra and Rhododendron)
Note: a well-defined, mainly southwestern species in Europe, found both on basic siliceous rocks and on bark in humid situations, mostly in the upper montane and subalpine belts, also reported from the base of the Western Alps (France).
