Arthopyrenia tuscanensis Coppins & Ravera

Non- or doubtfully lichenised.
Substrate: bark
Altitudinal range: from the submediterranean/colline belt (potential vegetation: mixed deciduous forests dominated by Quercus and Carpinus) to the montane belt (potential vegetation: deciduous forests dominated by Fagus sylvatica and closed coniferous forests with Picea abies)
Note: a recently-described, most probably non-lichenised species, which grows as a pioneer on the smooth bark of twigs, especially of Castanea; hitherto known only from Tuscany and Piemonte, but in the past perhaps confused with A. salicis.
Italy: Piemonte;