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National Park). Widely distributed in tropical–subtropical
regions of the world (DIVAKAR & UPRETI 2005).
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Soralia marginal, not pustulate
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Medulla C+ red
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Medulla C-
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Medulla white in upper part and yellowish below
Parmotrema permutatum (Stirton) Hale
Parmotrema permutatum
(Stirton) Hale, Phytologia 28: 338
(1974).
Syn.:
Parmelia permutata
Stirton, Scott. Nat. 4: 252 (1877–
8).
Description:
Thallus loosely attached and overlapping, to
5 cm wide, lobes rounded, up to 1 cm wide with margins
entire to crenate and dense, cilia 2–4 mm long; upper surface
mineral grey, smooth, emaculate with sorediate margins
giving edges a crinkled appearance; medulla white in upper
part and yellowish below; lower surface black with dark
brown shining marginal zone, rhizines sparse. Cortex K+
yellow; atranorin. Medulla K–, C+ red, KC+ pale red, P–;
gyrophoric acid and unidentified pigment (HALE 1965).
Distinguished from other gyrophoric acid containing species
by the partly ochraceous medulla.
Ecology and distribution:
Corticolous in an evergreen forest at 700–800 m in Chiang
Rai Province, Khun Lao Village. Reported from southern and
eastern Africa, India, Sumatra, Papua New Guinea, Haiti and
Brazil (ELIX 1994e).
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Medulla white throughout
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Soredia farinose. Medulla with gyrophoric acid
Parmotrema sancti–angelii (Lynge) Hale
Parmotrema sancti–angelii
(Lynge) Hale, Phytologia 28:
339 (1974).
Syn.:
Parmelia sancti–angelii
Lynge, Ark. Bot. 13 (13): 35
(1914).
Description:
Thallus up to 15 cm wide, loosely
attached, lobes irregular, 7–14 mm wide, with crenate to
incised, sparsely to densely ciliate margins; upper surface
grey green with marginal soralia (soredia farinose); lower
surface black with brown margin; rhizines dense, simple.
Upper cortex K+ yellow; atranorin. Medulla K–, C+ red,
KC+ red, P–; gyrophoric acid. This species can be difficult to
separate from
P. cooperi
which is also C+ red but has
lecanoric instead of gyrophoric acid and granular rather than
farinose soredia.
Ecology and distribution:
Corticolous in
dry dipterocarp, mixed deciduous and evergreen forests
between 900 and 1460 m. Pantropical.
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Soredia granular. Medulla with lecanoric acid
Parmotrema cooperi (J.Steiner & Zahlbr.) Sérus.
Parmotrema cooperi
(J.Steiner & Zahlbr.) Sérus., Bryologist
87: 4 (1984).
Syn.:
Parmelia cooperi
J.Steiner & Zahlbr., in Zahlbr., Bot.
Jb. 60: 528 (1926).
Description:
Thallus loosely adnate, 7–
15 cm wide with densely ciliate (cilia 2–5 mm long),
rounded, 7–15 mm wide lobes; upper surface grey to grey–
green and irregularly cracked with marginal and submarginal,
granular soralia; lower surface black with brown margin and
sparse, simple, short (2 mm long) rhizines. Cortex K+
yellow; atranorin. Medulla K–, C+ red, KC+ red, P–;
lecanoric acid.
P. subarnoldii
is P+ orange (protocetraric
acid), has farinose soredia, longer rhizines and may have a
mottled marginal zone on lower surface.
P. sancti–angelii
is