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Consoredia
: a term used only for some species of
Lepraria
and
Leproloma
, which have a
thallus consisting of a mass of
soredia
-like granules. It refers to the case in which the
granules are fused into larger clusters.
Constricted
(of spores): the width of the
spore
is shorter at the level of the
septum
than
between septa.
Constricted
(of apothecia): becoming narrow towards the attachment point, e.g. the apothecia
of
Lecanora epibryon
as opposed to those of
Micarea adnata
.
Coralloid
(of isidia, or thallus parts): coral-like, densely ramified, sometimes almost shrubby.
Cortex
: the outer surface of thalli, when it consists of densely compacted and ordinately
arranged hyphae. Several foliose lichens may have both an upper and a lower cortex. See
also
paraplechtenchymatous
,
prosoplechtenchymatous
.
Corticate
(of thallus parts): provided with a
cortex
.
Crenate-crenulate
(of thallus and thallus parts): with rounded marginal teeth.
Crustose
(of thallus): crust-like, without lower
cortex
and
rhizines
, attached to the substratum
by a dense hyphal net, hence gas exchanges only possible through the upper surface.
Crustose lichens can be only collected together with their substratum.
Cryptolecanorine
(of apothecia):
lecanorine apothecia
more or less immersed in the thallus,
the thalline
margin
not prominent (see also
aspicilioid
).
Crystals
(of anatomical sections): usually of oxalates. The presence and size of crystals in
anatomical sections (esp. of apothecia) is important for identification in some groups (e.g. in
some
Lecanora
species). They are best observed in thin sections under polarised light. The
pruina
is also mostly composed of small to coarse crystals.
Cups
(in
Cladonia
): cup-like endings of
podetia
. They generally bear
apothecia
and
pycnidia
at
the margin; sometimes they are
proliferating
, either from the margin or from the centre,
giving rise to several stocks of superimposed cups.
Cyanobacterial
(of photobiont): the
photobiont
is a Cyanobacterium. In section, it has a
characteristic blue-green colour. Cyanobacteria belong to two main different groups:
filamentous (thread-like, e.g.
Nostoc
,
Scytonema
) and coccaceous (several cells joined into a
spherical structure, e.g.
Gloeocapsa
).
Nostoc
, in particular, can occur in the typical form,
with a thread-like,
moniliform
series of globular cells (e.g. in
Collema
), or in very short-
chained forms, sometimes reduced to a series of a few cells only (e.g. in some small
Leptogium
-species).
Cyphellae
(singular: cyphella)
:
like
pseudocyphellae
, these are structures for facilitating gas-
exchange, but have a more complex structure, with a layer of globular cells delimiting a
gaping hole. The only lichens with cyphellae (more or less round openings in the lower
surface) belong to
Sticta
.
Diaspore:
a rather confusing term of the lichenological terminology, designating an
y
thing
which can reproduce the lichen, including things like
spores
(sexual reproduction) and
isidia
(vegetative reproduction). See also
propagule
.
Dichotomous
(of thallus parts): branching into equal branches, as in the letter Y (see also:
anisotomic
,
isotomic tetrachtomous
,
trichotomous
)
.
Diffuse
(of soralia): evenly spread through the thallus (e.g. those of
Phlyctis argena
).
Disc
(of apothecia): the exposed upper surface of the
hymenium
in lichens with
apothecia
.
Discocarpic
(of mycobionts): lichenised fungi with
apothecia
.
Dorsiventral
(of thallus): with clearly different upper and lower surfaces.
Effigurate
(of crustose thalli): with radiating marginal lobes, e.g.
Lobothallia radiosa
.
Endolithic
(of thallus):
completely embedded in the rock, incl. the photobiont layer (e.g. in
most species of
Bagliettoa,
or in
Clauzadea immersa
). There are at least two types of
endolithic lichens: some are typical of dry areas (deserts and semi-deserts, dry valleys in
Antarctica, etc.), mostly on siliceous rocks, other occur on compact limestone. These two
