31
types differ considerably in morphology and ecology. See also
endosubstratic
,
hemiendosubtratic
.
Endosubstratic
(of thallus):
completely embedded in the substratum, incl. the photobiont layer,
e.g. the thallus of
Bagliettoa parmigera
). See also
endolithic
,
hemiendosubtratic
.
Epihymenium
(of apothecia): see
epithecium
.
Epilithic
(of thallus): growing above a rock surface (see also:
endolithic
).
Epinecral layer
(of thallus surface): an amorphous superficial layer consisting of the residues
of dead cells, commonly present in several crustose lichens, both with and without a true
cortex
.
Epiphytic
(of thallus): growing on the bark of higher plants.
Epispore:
the outer part of the
spore
wall, when this is thick, gelatinous or
ornamented
(e.g.
with ridges, warts, etc.)
.
Epithecium
(of apothecia): the uppermost part of the
hymenium
, formed by the usually
pigmented upper cells of
paraphyses
: it often has a distinct colour, and sometimes
characteristic reactions useful for identification. It must be observed under thin microscopic
sections.
E-
(general suffix): without (e.g.
epruinose
,
ecorticate
, etc.).
Ecorticate
(of thallus): without cortex.
Endo-
(general suffix): lying inside something else.
Endoascus
(of asci): see
bitunicate
.
Ephemeral
(of thalli): of short duration.
Epi-
(general suffix): lying above something else.
Epicortex
(of thallus)
:
a term used only for
Parmelia
s.latiss., which designates a more or less
amorphous layer lying above the upper
cortex
. Never used in our keys.
Epinecral
(of thallus): a layer of dead fungal cells covering the upper surface, with an
amorphous appearance in microscopic sections.
Epipsamma
(of apothecia): a term used for the
epihymenium
, when this is granular, or rich in
crystals. It is never used in our keys, but is sometimes present in the descriptions.
Epruinose
(of thallus and apothecia): without
pruina
.
Eso-
(general suffix): lying outside something else.
Esoascus
(of asci): see
bitunicate
.
Excipulum
(sometimes deformed into “exciple”, of ascocarps): the tissue(s) forming the
margin
of an
apothecium
, or the walls of a
perithecium
. In the case of apothecia,
lichenologists often distinguish between an “
excipulum proprium
” (proper, or true exciple,
formed only by the fungus) and an “
excipulum thallinum
” (thalline exciple, containing also
the photobiont). In our keys the term “excipulum” may appear in the descriptions - in which
case it is always used for anatomical features of the proper
margin
- and is not used in the
dichotomies, being subsumed under
margin
for all lichens with
non-lecanorine apothecia
.
See also
pyrenium
.
Excipulum
(of ascocarps): see
exciple
.
Farinose
(of soredia, pruina): small and powdery, looking like meal. See also
granulose
.
Fasciculate
(of rhizines): with several, more or less parallel branches originating from the same
point. See also
squarrose
.
Fibrillae
(singular: fibrilla): in
Usnea
these are short, simple branches perpendicular to the main
ones; in foliose lichens this term is used for pale
cilia
-like structures on the margin of the
lobes (e.g. in
Physcia adscendens
,
Anaptychia ciliaris
, etc.).
Filamentous
(of thallus, or of cyanobacterial photobionts): thread-like (e.g. the thalli of
Alectoria
,
Bryoria
,
Ramalina thrausta
,
Usnea,
and those of
Nostoc
among photobionts).
Fissitunicate
(of asci):
bitunicate
.
Foliose
(of thallus): leaf-like, flattened, with an upper and lower surface, gas exchange
occurring from both faces, usually attached by
rhizinae
. Some lichens (e.g.
Anaptychia
