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Parmotrema abessinicum
(Kremp.) Hale
Thallus foliose, loosely adnate, 4-7 cm wide; lobes up to 1 cm wide, the margins
ascending, ciliate. Upper surface pale grey, maculate, strongly rugose in older
parts. Medulla white. Lower surface black to pale brown at margins, with a
broad, sparsely rhizinate, paler margin. Isidia and soredia absent. Apotecia
lecanorine, small, the disc blackish brown, the margin concolorous with thallus.
Spores colourless, 1-celled. Photobiont: chlorococcoid. Spot-tests: cortex K+
yellow, medulla K-, C-, KC+ purple (norlobaridone), P-. - Rare, observed only
once, on a fallen canopy branch on the ground (Kikiliyamana-Nuwara Eliya);
also reported from India, South America, SW Africa, and E Africa.
Parmotrema andinum
(Müll.Arg.) Hale
Thallus foliose, coriaceous, loosely attached, up to 15 cm wide. Lobes up to 2
cm wide, rounded, eciliate. Upper surface usually dull, maculate and strongly
rugose, especially on the apothecial margins. Lower surface black with mottled
paler margins, sparsely rhizinate. Apothecia lecanorine, stipitate with perforate
disc. Spores colourless, 1-celled. Photobiont: chlorococcoid. Spot-tests: cortex
K+ yellow (atranorin). Medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P- (lecanoric acid). -
Corticolous in evergreen montane forests, also reported from Central and South
America, Africa, Tahiti, and Thailand.
Parmotrema cetratum
(Ach.) Hale
Thallus foliose, adnate to loosely adnate, 6-15 cm wide; lobes subirregular, 4-10
mm wide, with dense, 1-2 mm long cilia. Upper surface dull grey, maculate,
cracked and lacking soredia and isidia. Lower surface brown to black, with a
narrow naked margin or rhizines extending to margins. Apothecia lecanorine.
Spores colourless, 1-celled. Photobiont: chlorococcoid. Spot-tests: cortex K+
yellow (atranorin). Medulla K+ yellow turning red, C–, KC+ red, P+ deep
orange (salazinic acid). - Corticolous in rather open, montane evergreen forests,
also reported from Australia, N and S America, Hawaii, South Africa, Thailand,
India, and Papua New Guinea.
Parmotrema clavuliferum
(Räsänen) Streimann
Thallus foliose, loosely attached, broad-lobed, the lobes ciliate, ascending.
Upper surface grey to dark grey, densely white maculate, sometimes fissured.
Medulla white. Lower surface black to pale brown at margins, with a broad,
sparsely rhizinate, paler margin. Soralia located at the apex of long-pointed,
linear, smaller lobes. Apotecia very rare, lecanorine. Spores colourless, 1-celled.
Photobiont: chlorococcoid. Spot-tests: cortex K+ yellow, medulla K+ yellow
turning blood red, C-, P+ orange-red. - Rare, observed once at 840 m, close to
Unulugala peak (Coolbone Tea Estate, Yatiyanthota).
Parmotrema cooperi
(J.Steiner & Zahlbr.) Sérus.
Thallus foliose, loosely adnate, 7-15 cm wide with densely ciliate (cilia 2-5 mm
long), rounded, 7-15 mm wide lobes. Upper surface grey to grey–green and
irregularly cracked with marginal and submarginal, granular soralia. Lower
surface black with brown margin and sparse, simple, short (2 mm long) rhizines.
Apothecia very rare, lecanorine. Spores colourless, 1-celled. Photobiont:
chlorococcoid. Spot-tests: cortex K+ yellow (atranorin); medulla K–, C+ red,
KC+ red, P– (lecanoric acid). - Corticolous, also reported from Australia,
Africa, Thailand, India, and Papua New Guinea.
